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R. STANLEY.

BRICK KILN.

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No@ 402,628. Patented May 7. 1889.

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BRICK KVILN.

180.402,828. 8.8888888 May '1, 1889.

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UNITED STATES PATENT OEEICE.

REGINALD STANLEY, OF NUNEATON, COUNTY OF VARVIOK, ENGLAND.

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SPECIFICATION forming-part of Letters Patent No. 402,628, dated May 7,1889. Application filed November 14, 1888. Serial No. 290,773. (Nomodel.)

To all whom, it may concern:

Be it known that I, REGINALD STANLEY, a subject of the Queen of GreatBritain, residing at Nuneaton, in the county of Warwick, England, haveinvented new and useful Improvements in Ovens or Kilns for BurningBricks, Tiles, and other Articles, of which the following is aspecication.

My invention relates to improvements in the construction of ovens,kilns, and chambers (which,'for the convenience of description, arehereinafter generally referred to as "cha1nbers) for baking or burningbricks, tilles, clay goods,and other material and artic es. v

My improvements are applicable to muflied chambers, or those in whichthe heated gases and lire circulate around the chambers but do not comeinto direct contact, or only 4partially so, with the contents of thechambers.

In order to enable my invention to be fully understood, I will describehow it can be carried into practiceV by reference tothe accompanyingdrawings, in which- Figure l is a horizontal section of an oven orkilmhaving mufiied chambersforburning bricks, tiles, and other articles,and constructed accordingto my invention. Fig. 2 is a side or endelevation of one range of chambers, showing the entrances or wickets andre-doors and the manner in which the chambers are bound together. Fig. 3is a cross-section of the oven or kiln, the section being taken throughthe line A A of Fig. I. Fig. 4c is a cross-section taken through theline B B of Fig. l. Fig. pis a longitudinal section taken through theline D D. of Fig. 1.

Similar letters in all t-he figures indicate similar parts.

In the applicationnof my improvements to this class of ovens or kilns Iconstruct a number 4of long and narrow chambers, a a, arranged parallelwith one another and having arched roofs b b. In these chambers areplaced the goods or materials to be baked or burned,

fand I have found it advantageous'to employ `two sets or series of suchchambers, as clearly shown in Fig. l, connected by flues c a',hereinafter more fully referred to.

Between the chambers are formed spaces or flues c c, (which, for thesake of description, I term lateral iiues,) and along which the fire andgases travel or circulate.

c2 a2 are the outer front andv back Walls of the kiln.

The side walls, d d, of the chambers a c, which also form the side wallsof the lateral lues c c, are constructed of fire-bricks, and are as thinas possible consistent with the strength required to resist the actionof the fire and weight of the arches so as to allor the heat to quicklypenetrate into and through the contents of the chambers.

At each end of the lateral tlues c, (or at one end only,) and also inthe outer walls, a2, I construct fire-holes e e, with doors fj' andbars, in the ordinary manner, to allow of the introduction of fuel, asrequired, the bars being sanded over and the doors closed tightly whennotbeing fired to prevent the entry of cold air.

Both ends of the parallel chambers can be opened when not being used forburning, for the convenience of drawing and setting, or one end only isleft open for that purpose, the other being built up with a double endwall, between which the re and gases circulate. When set for burning,the open ends of the chambers a, are closed with double walls or wicketsg h, Fig. l, formed by building up theopenings c', Fig. 2, with loosebricks and plastering them over, between which walls or covered-upopenings the lire passes or circulates, openings as of* (shown in Fig.3) being provided for that purpose in the walls d d. These openings alsoallow the re to pass from one lateral iue c to the next. The openings c.before being covered up, as described,I form t-he entrances to thechambers ce, through which the goods or materials to be baked or burnedare taken into the said chambers.

At the ends of each of the parallel chambers cc, between the end wallsor wickets, g h, are openings t' in the bottom leading down intounderneath tlues,jj, extending along and under the ends of the parallelchambers a, in a direction at right angles to them, into fiues k k,leading to a chimney, l, (or chimneys.) When the openings t' are notrequired to be IOO open, they are covered with tire-clay slabs ordampers m m, or with other suitable coverings.

Access is obtained to the dam pers m through a space, h', (shown in Fig.2,) left in the front wicket, 71, and made by building a bar of iron inthe brick-work, which space is afterward closed by being built anddaubed up.

d d are dampers for stopping communication between the i'lues 767s andthe chimney Z.

e c are dampers for stopping the fiues a', serving', when required, toconduct the heated gases from one set of chambers te the other.

In addition to the lateral iiues c, that eenvey the bulk of the fire andgases, Icenstruct the top and betteln of the chambers with double walls,so as to form spaces (shown at a and o, respectively, in Figs. 3 and 4)for the fire and gases to circulate through in communication with thefire and gases in the lateral iues c, and which together descend throughthe openings t' into the underneath iiues, 7'. The fire and gasestraversing the double top and bottom are prevented from crossing fromone side to the other before they have traveled the length of thechambers a. I sometimes, however, make both the arches and bottom ofsolid brickwork, allowing the heat to radiate from the lateral iuesonly.

` The iire and gases employed to bake or burn the contents of thechambers aI travel horizontally in the iues c around the chambers forthe distance required, and are drawn toward the opening or openings fz,which may be uncovered for that purpose, inte the underneath iiues, v7',and from thence into the chimney 7, up which they ascend and escape intothe atmosphere. The draft caused by the chimney makes the fires burnfiercely in the fire-holes e, as many of which are fired at one time asmay be required. The iire and gases are allowed to escape inte theunderneath flues,j, at one or more of the openingsz' before they reachthe last chamber that is being heated. lVhen, however, the number ofchambers in the range is small, the iire and gases may be allowed tocirculate around all the chambers a and escape into the underneathiiues,j, through the last opening or openings 1, or that nearest te thechimney Z.

The re-holes are successively charged and red from the farthest from thechimney toward the latter, either one or more chambers being under thehottest lire at once.

Trial-holes p p, Fig. 4, are made through the arches, and are alsosometimes left through the wickets g h of the chambers a, and t-hroughthese holes trials are drawn and the progress of the heating andburning' can be watched, and thus regulated. Other holes, q q, (shown indotted lines in Fig. 4,) are left opening into the lateral filles c,through which the progress of the firing is inspected and fuel issometimes dropped.

Holes r r, Fig. 3, are left in the inside end walls or wickets towardthe chimney, and are kept open to allow the escape of any steam that maybe produced in the process of drying. Small openings are left in thefront inside wickets,and sometimes I insert pipes s in the outsidewickets to allow the entrance of a small current of air, which willassist in carrying off the steam which may be generated during thedrying. These holes can be stopped up when the contents have become dryas the burning proceeds, and if the eentents and chambers are quite dryat the commencement the holes would of course not be required.

t t, Fig. 2, are iron girders, and u u are wire ropes for holding thebrick-work together.

it' represents soil or other suitable material covering the arches inorder to keep in heat while the chambers are being fired, and it alsoforms a iioor on which to walk, or on which goods can be dried beforethey are burned, in which case I coverthe whole with a roof.

)Viren only one of the sets or ranges of chambers is used, the fire andhea-ted gases, after arriving at the last chamber a, or that nearest tothe chimney I, ycan be allowed to escape directly into the flue 7c; orthey may be caused to return back along the underneath flues, j, andheat the iirst chamber of the range by closing the damper e andunstepping the nearest opening fi, the next adjoining opening a3 beingbuilt up, when the lire and heated gases will descend into theunderneath fines, j, and proceed back toward the most distant opening ifrom the chimney, up which they will ascend and circulate around andheat or help to heat the chamber a farthest from the chimney.

In practice the front and back fire-holes c are first fired until the'outer iue c of the first chamber a is heated sufliciently, when thefirst of the side fire-holes c is red, the flame and gases circulatingalong the lateral fiues c, around as many of the parallel chambers a asmay be required to be warmed and heated, when they are allowed to escapedown one or more of the openings c' into the underneath fiuesj, whencethey are drawn to the chimney Z. )Vlien the materials in the rst chambera are sufficiently baked or burned, the front erback fire-holes e andthe first end tire-hele c are closed up and the tire-bars sanded down,so that no more cold air can enter than is required to cool the chamberquickly or slowly, according to the nature of its contents. The sameprocess is observed with the second chamber when the goods therein havebecome suiiiciently baked or burned. As fast as the goods in the backchambers are sufficient] y burned and the fireholes closed and barsdampered down, other fire-holes c toward the chimney Z are opened andcommenced to be red along the ranges, the dampers m, covering theopenings i, being regulated so as to cause the goods in the chambers tobe heated, burned, and cooled in steady succession, as required, itbeing possible to IOO IIO

AIO

regulate the speed of the different operations with the greatest nicety.v

The drawings show a double range of only five chambers each; but it isevident that a large number maybe employed by the addition of chimneysat intervals to assist the draft for the tires.

The horizontal openings d3, Figs. 3 and 5, are shown open; but in theprocess of drawing, setting, and burning it is evident that some of themare stopped up when and where it is required to prevent the fire, gases,and

i cold air from passing through. This is carried out as the workproceeds by lbuilding them up with loose bricks and daubing over.

In this system4 of parallel chambers the heat is economized in severalways.v After burning the contents of one or morechambers itproceedsforward toward the opening or openings z', down which it is drawnsuccessively and gradually, heating the chambers and drying and heatingthe contents,and at the same time allowing steam to escape, so as toprevent bursting'or discoloration by the too rapid accumulation of steamin the chambers; also theV heat fromthe chambers that have been fired iscarried forward and assists in heating the chambers that are beingfired,

and economy is thus effected. The chambers also exposev comparativelylittleV external surface, which would allow of the heat radiating awayand being of no service. The sides of the lateral Iiues (with theexception of the two end chambers) being made of thin fire-bricks, theheat radiates on both sides into the chambers and among the contents tobe burned, instead of being absorbed into thick side walls, or radiatinginto the open air on one side, as is generally the case in mufied kilnsor ovens. The length of the chambers allows the heat to be absorbed witheconomy and regularity, and their narrowness not only allows the heat topenetrate quickly through the contents, but the contraction, as is thecase in wide chambers set and burned in the usual manner.

The wickets can all be built up with loose bricksanddaubed over forremoving easily, or one end of the chambers can be built up for apermanency, and one end only removed for the purpose of setting anddrawing the contents.

Instead of arching over the chambers a, I sometimes set the vtop courseof bricks or othermaterial to be burned in close order and daub overtheir top, putting soil or other material over that to keep the heatfrom radiating while being fired and the contents from suffering fromthe Weatherbefore being fired.

It will be evident that a combination of the herein-describedarrangements of mufle tire-chambers can be used with open irechambers,the lateral iiues being employed for the purposes of drying the contentsof the chambers. lVhen the contents are dry, the ends of the lues arestopped up, and the tire and heated gases pass through and among thecontents. By'this arrangement the contents are more thoroughly protectedfrom discoloration and cracking in the process.

Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my saidinvention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare thatwhat I claim is- An oven or kiln for burning bricks in which thechambers are muffled or closed, provided with the lues a', lateral iiuesc c, underneath ues, j, and the flues la, leading to the chimney andhaving' front and back doors or wickets, g h, with holes r'r therein forexpelling the steam in the process of dryforth.

ing, all substantially as set R. STANLEY.

Witnesses:

G. F. REDFERN, n JOHN E. BoNsFIELn.

